liam_on_linux: (Default)
Partial virtualisation on Unix: Solaris Zones and Containers, WPARs on AIX, stuff like that.

I don't mean simple chroot, which goes back to Unix Version 7 in 1979 - I mean splitting off processes into virtual environments.

As far as I've been able to find, the original and first implementation of this was Jails on FreeBSD 4 in 2000. Is that right, or was there prior art that I've not been able to find?
liam_on_linux: (Default)
Since none of my spare or test machines have hardware 3D, I was unable to try it until recently. Then I was testing an MSI Wind Top all-in-one touchscreen Atom PC as part of the Simplicity Computers project. (We've decided against it now.)

(The Wind Top works OK with *buntu, but for one entertaining bug: the axes on the touchscreen are reversed. Move your finger left, the pointer goes right; move finger up, pointer goes down. Install the drivers and config to fix this (which depends on HAL, and so doesn't work right on modern *buntu) and the screen image moves offcentre and goes all blurry, so though the touchscreen now works, you can barely read anything, it's all ugly, and the picture is offset about 5mm vertical & 1cm horizontal from where it should be and thus where the pointer is. As it's an all-in-one, there are no screen geometry controls, hardware or software. At which point, we gave up and sent it back.)

Anyway, I got Natty alpha 3 or so working on it.

Compiz crashes more times than Aeroflot in volcano season, taking the "desktop" - not that that word is accurate any more - with it.

The autohiding menu bar is insane, combining the worst of MacOS (menus randomly changing depending which window is active and having no spacial association with whichever window they control - if they control any visible window) and the worst of the Amiga (on which menus are hidden unless you whack the mouse up to the top of the screen and then right-click.) It's about as discoverable as Minoan Linear A.

The NotADockHonest™ is weird and feels raw and unfinished, not like something that shipped as part of Ubuntu 10.04 and 10.10 Netbook Remix. I don't like it as much as the Mac OS X Dock - and I don't like that much - but I am prepared to give the Unity Dock time. Maybe I'll adapt to it.

I mean, I don't like GNOME panels much, either, after all. They're much more customisable than Windows ones, except not in the ways I want (e.g. vertical orientation (b0rked), e.g. large panels but small icons; (no, you can't have that. And you can't have any pudding, either. Bad user, no biccie.))

(Incidentally again, if you like vertical docks and panels, Docky and GLX-Dock and AWM are all broken, too. If you want a nice, attractive dock that actually works quite well in a vertical orientation, try ADeskBar. It's good. Best I've found for Linux yet. Homepage seems to be down, though.)

Mind you, after a little playing, I like the WindowMaker docks much less than OS X ones. (I mean, no labels or tooltips? You are taking the mickey, right?)

But so far, the new Ubuntu 11.04 layout, from a play with a flaky, unstable implementation, just felt like it wasn't something powerful and capable enough to run a PC with. Not yet.

I have no choice but to stick with GNOME 2 on my laptop. It's seven years old, but rock-solid and nicely fast & responsive with Maverick. Much much better than Windows XP on the same hardware. But its ATI Radeon Mobility - actually a 16MB Rage II or III, roughly - doesn't work with Compiz and to give good performance (and to be able to drive a 1280×1024 external monitor) it has to be dropped to 65K colours.

Which Ubuntu provides no UI at all to do, of course.

So you have to edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf.

Only *buntu >10.x doesn't have an xorg.conf file any more. So you have to write one of your own. (I found a blank one that can be adapted, which is very handy.)

Once you've done that and got the graphics working, then you might, perhaps, want suspend/wake and hibernate/resume to work. That means adding "nomodeswitch" to the kernel boot parameters.

That means you lose the graphical boot sequence (which has the colours corrupted on this machine, anyway.)

So you might want to add "vga=791" to the kernel boot params too, to get a graphical boot back, in the same resolution as your desktop.

After doing all this, it works like a dream and is really nice, but forget any hardware 3D, so forget the Netbook interface - or the new Unity one. And also, I think, that means forget GNOME 3, as well.

The obscure and poorly-supported make of this weirdly non-standard machine?

IBM.

Not Lenovo, actual IBM. It's from 2004. A Thinkpad X31.

Saying all that, I still prefer *buntu to the alternatives.

But I think that as of or after Natty, I might be going over to Linux Mint full-time...

Mint, of course, is based on GNOME 2 and has no truck with any of this netbook or unity or GNOME 3 business.

But what is going to happen when GNOME 2 is no longer supported or updated, I wonder?

I mean (*shudder*) I might have to go over to KDE. But the ugly, it burnsssssss... I don't want 23,452,356 options to tweak, I want it to work, and it really helps if it looks vaguely professional and smart while it's at it, not like a red/green colourblind 13 year old's LSD nightmare.
liam_on_linux: (Default)
I need a Windows 2008 test network at home, sharpish, i.e. inside the next week. Total budget is £50 or so, and that is pushing it.

I have a Dell PowerEdge 600SC (P4, 2.8GHz, 512MB RAM) and an HP Proliant ML110 G1 (P4 HT, 3GHz, 1GB RAM, already running W2K8 Standard.)

I am going looking for some cheap RAM for the PowerEdge on eBay. I am just wondering if it's worth trying to find a couple of Pentium D CPUs to put in them. I believe that you can't run a 64-bit capable P4 in a machine that doesn't have a 64-bit aware BIOS. Is that right?

So I was wondering if I could find a couple of old cheap end-of-the-32-bit-P4 line chips on eBay & at least make them dual-core boxes. If nothing else they could chew through a few more BOINC units for me that way.

Ideally, I'd love to stick fairly-early-model Core 2 Duo chips in them, but Googling around suggests that this will not work. Anyone tried putting a C2D into a P4 machine?
liam_on_linux: (Default)
Many websites are free to use because they run adverts. That's fine. They need to pay the bills somehow and this means the content is free.

But sometimes, that advertising can get very annoying. Many ads are intrusive, deliberately, to try to attract your attention.

The thing is, you don't need to put up with this. It's quite simple to block 99.9% of web adverts, without being a techie or doing strange arcane stuff to your computer. The techniques work on Windows, Linux or Mac OS X, are easy to reverse and everything works just fine afterwards. You can even temporarily turn them off if you actually want to see an ad for some reason.

Another bonus is that it makes browsing faster, as your browser won't download all those ads. If you're on a 3G connection, it might even save you some of your bandwidth and possibly even money.

Oh, and by the way, all the tools below are free. Whatever you choose, DO NOT PAY for any allegedly privacy-enhancing tools. They're pretty much all rip-offs and not worth the money, and some are outright criminal and will steal your data and secretly send it back to HQ. Just don't.

So. Blocking ads, the free and easy way. How to do it depends on what browser you use.

If you use Firefox, it's an addon, which are all very simple to add and remove and the same ones work on Windows, Mac and Linux.

If you use Chrome, there are addons, but you can also use a universal blocker that will work with all your browsers.

For Safari and other browsers, it's generally easiest to use the universal one.

If you use Internet Explorer: seriously, don't. Don't use Internet Explorer. It is the Web equivalent of sharing a used needle with a stranger. It really, seriously is Not Safe. I am not making this up because I am not a Microsoft fan (although I'm not) – but some Microsoft tools are OK. Word is about the best word-processor there is, for example, and the combination of Outlook and Exchange Server is unbeatably powerful, too.

But Internet Explorer is not one of these. It's not a good browser – all its rivals beat it – but mostly, it is not safe. IE8 is better than 7, 7 is better than the terrible 6, and even 6 was safer than its predecessors, but seriously, none of them can be entirely trusted.

If you just want something simple, fast and easy with no frills, get Chrome. It's free and will keep you safer online as well as delivering a better experience.

If you don't like Google knowing what you're doing, use Safari or Firefox. You don't need to be a techie. Download the version for your computer, run the file you've downloaded to install it, then delete the download. Job done. Takes five minutes even if you're on a slow computer.

Saying that, if you install a universal blocker, it will block ads in IE as well. Just, please, don't use IE. There's a saying among techies: "friends don't let friends use Internet Explorer." And one of the easiest ways of telling a genuinely useful or knowledgeable techie from a clueless bluffer is that the fakers still use IE.

So, choosing a browser. If you don't know which to look at, well, here are some of the pros and cons.

Firefox: great browser. Very safe, reliable, tons of addons to customise it, but it's getting a bit big and slow these days.

Chrome: small, very fast, very simple and clean. However, Google will be able to track what you search for and some other things. Small but occasionally handy choice of extensions.

Safari: as quick as Chrome, but not quite as clean and simple. Excels at readable text. Windows and Mac only.

Others: there are quite a few minority players: Seamonkey, Flock, Camino or Shiira on the Mac, Epiphany on Linux and so on. To be honest, most don't really have any killer advantages any more and you might as well stick with one of the big names.

So, let's look at the main contenders in a bit more detail.

Firefox - http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/

The daddy and the easiest one to block ads in. All you need to do is go to the Tools menu and pick Addons. If you already have some installed, it will show you the list, which is the second tab and entitled "Extensions". Ignore this; click the first icon along the top of the Addons dialog box, which is called "Get Add-ons". In the "Search all add-ons" box, type in:

adblock plus

… and hit the Enter or Return key. Assuming you don't already have ABP installed, it should be the first entry found. Click on that line to select it and click the "Add to Firefox" button at the right.

It will download it, ask you if you're sure, install it and then prompt you to restart Firefox. Do so.

If you want to add it manually, the above makes no sense or you're using a different Mozilla browser, such as Seamonkey, you can install AdBlock Plus directly from its webpage:
http://adblockplus.org/en/

When it reloads, it will take you to a screen which asks you which filter to use. If you're a native English speaker, just accept the default and press the "Subscribe" button. If you mainly use another language on the Web – German, French, whatever – then go down the list and look for a filter list targeted at your country.

That's all you really need to do. Once you've picked a filter and the screen has gone away, try visiting a site that's usually loaded with adverts, such as www.msn.co.uk or uk.yahoo.com, and admire the newly-minimal design with occasional tasteful areas of blank white space. ;¬)

If you want to be a little more thorough, I also recommend moving the AdBlock button from the toolbar (which can get a bit crowded) to the status bar (which usually isn't).

To do this, right-click on your shiny new red "Adblock" button – it's the hexagon with ABP on it in white. On the little menu that appears, go down to "Options" and tick "Show in status bar." Then do the same again, but this time, UN-tick "show in toolbar." That's it. Now you have a discreet little red logo at the bottom right corner instead of a big lairy one on the toolbar.

Chrome - http://www.google.com/chrome

There is a version of Adblock Plus for Chrome too, if you use that as your main browser. Runs on any platform Chrome does, too. You can get it by visiting

http://chromeadblock.com/

… and just clicking the "Install" button.

(Alternatively, visit the catchily-short address:
https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/gighmmpiobklfepjocnamgkkbiglidom
...if you prefer.)

Again, you'll get a red Adblock logo in your toolbar, right next to the spanner; in Chrome, though, it shows a white hand, palm out, rather than the letters.

However, if you do use Chrome, there's a case to be made for using a system-wide blocker. You don't quite get the fine-grained control, but on the other hand, since Chrome shares its Internet setting with all the other browsers on a Windows PC or a Mac, then installing one universal blocker will nobble all the ads in all browsers.

Apple Safari - http://www.apple.com/safari/

I said earlier that Safari isn't quite as clean as Chrome. This may sound a bit vague, but there are reasons - it still has a separate "search" box, for instance. Also, it doesn't recognise some of the standard keystrokes that work on both Chrome and Firefox, such as Alt-D for the address bar or Ctrl-K to search. One big strength for Windows users ios that Safari uses Apple's own font-display methods rather than the built-in Microsoft ones. This means that Safari has the best text display of any Windows program – if you find yourself squinting or struggling when reading blocks of text, this is definitely the one to go for. Virtually no extensions at all on the PC, though. A few on its native Mac OS. Not an option if you run Linux, unfortunately.

There is a version of AdBlock for Safari, but only for certain versions on certain (recent) releases of Mac OS X. If you have an older version of either, or are using Safari on Windows, you're out of luck.

Other browsers

Opera - http://www.opera.com/

Opera is a great browser and runs on all the big platforms – Windows, Mac and Linux. It's sleek and fast and some people really love it. Personally, I find its user interface just a bit too different from everything else – I can't work out how to do the stuff I want. It has a built-in ad-blocker, but in my humble opinion, you need to be a bit of a geek and Opera expert to use it. But then, if you run Opera, you probably are a bit of a geek and an expert. It will work fine with a system-wide blocker, though – see below.

If you aren't happy with the browser on your cellphone, though, Opera is definitely the one to go for.

System-wide ad-blockers

Which brings us to the universal blocker. The biggest and best is called Privoxy (http://www.privoxy.org/) and it not only blocks ads but also makes it a bit harder for websites to trace what you're doing into the bargain, so if you're a bit paranoid, it's definitely worth a look.

The way it works is this. You install it, turn it on – this might mean you have to reboot your computer, but just the once – and then you very slightly change your Internet settings so that your browsers all talk to the Internet through Privoxy, instead of directly. Sounds a bit scary, but it's quite easy.

If you're after the Windows version, you can get the latest Privoxy from here: http://sourceforge.net/projects/ijbswa/files/

It's the link where it says "Looking for the latest version?"

If you run Ubuntu or a derivative, use the Software Centre – it's a standard component.

Unfortunately, the Mac OS X version is no longer maintained, so for now, there's no easy way to run it. If you have an Intel Mac, use Chrome and add the Adblock extension. If you have Safari 5, you might be able to install Adblock from here: http://safariadblock.com/

If you're running a PowerPC Mac with OS X 10.4 ("Tiger") or 10.5 ("Leopard"), then you won't be able to install Chrome and probably not Adblock for Safari, but you might be able to install Privoxy 3.0.10, the last version for Mac OS X – you can get it here: http://www.macorchard.com/www/Privoxy.php
liam_on_linux: (Default)
In the beginning were the dinosaurs: Erwise, Cello, Mosaic, Lynx and things. Nobody under 40 remembers them and they're all long extinct. Everyone used Mosaic anyway, which was FOSS from the NCSA.

Nobody's heard of the NCSA any more, which is a shame as they also gave the world Apache and without them there wouldn't be a Web. They made something useful out of Tim Berners-Lee's work at CERN, but timbl and CERN are far more famous.

Odd, really, that neither CERN nor the NCSA ostensibly have anything to do with the Internet.

Mosaic begat loads of different browsers. All were also called Mosaic. Many were proprietary, "enhanced" versions, which actually weren't.

Only one was any good. Called - surprise! - Mosaic, it came from a company also called Mosaic. (Are you following all this?) Developed under the codename "Mozilla" - the Godzilla of Mosaics, you see - it was Mosaic with embedded pictures and FTP and cool stuff like that. Hey, it was 1994. People complained about the confusing name so the company renamed itself Netscape and renamed their browser Netscape as well, which isn't confusing at all. It was shareware, vastly successful, created the original 1990s Web and was killed off by Microsoft giving Internet Explorer away for free.

But as Ben Goldacre likes to say so much that he has put it on a T-shirt: "I think you'll find it's a little more complicated than that."

For starters, IE 1 was an optional extra for Windows 95, you had to buy it, and it was utterly crap. IE, incidentally, is also based on Mosaic, via Spyglass. MICROS~1 didn't write IE themselves, they just bought it in. You'd be surprised how many "Microsoft" products were not actually written by Microsoft: Powerpoint, Visual Basic, SQL Server, Defender, Frontpage, Mail and lots of others.

IE2 was free, but still rubbish. So was IE3.

So everyone used Netscape. A few even paid for it and Netscape Inc did tremendously well. This pissed off Microsoft, who don't really like anyone else making big money off their platform. So they worked away on IE until eventually, after about four versions, it was actually just about usable, kinda sorta ish.

And it was freeware.

Netscape wasn't, officially. It went through various stages, including being free only for non-profits and educational institutions, but it ended up proprietary, closed-source shareware. Home and non-commercial or non-profit use was free, businesses were meant to buy licences. Which most didn't.

It went through a whole bunch of versions, all of which were market-leaders in their time.

Netscape 1 was just a browser.

Netscape 2 added an email client and USENET news-reader. Not RSS, what we call a news-reader today, that hadn't been invented yet. Netscape 2 was a fair bit bigger than Netscape 1.

Netscape 3 Gold added web-page editing too. It was bigger still.

Netscape 4 sort of forked, internally: there was Netscape Communicator, a suite including a browser + email + news + address book + web editor + a proprietary shared diary - a huge app for the times,

And separately, there was Netscape Navigator, which was just a browser once again and thus was relatively svelte and quick - so naturally it never got updated past 4.0.x.

In the end, once IE was usable enough, everyone used that instead. Netscape Communicator was big, sluggish, took loads of memory and was inefficient - and it cost money. For instance, every time the window was resized, it re-rendered the entire page, as the rendering engine built a static page display for the current window dimensions. This was at the time when live window resizing was a trendy new feature of Windows - it was an extra in the same Plus! pack for Windows 95 that introduced IE to an indifferent world, and had even been retro-fitted on to MacOS 8.

Netscape complained that IE, a rival for their commercial product, was being given away for free - which counts as illegal restraint of trade. In response, MICROS~1 just bundled it with Windows and blithely claimed it had always been there, even though it wasn't in Windows 95 or Windows NT 3 and they also offered it for Mac and Unix. The US Department of Justice, remarkably, swallowed this, even though it was demonstrably utter bollocks, and let MICROS~1 off.

When Netscape Corp was bought out by AOL and broken up, the company's last act was to make the as-yet-unfinished Communicator 5 open source under its original codename of Mozilla.

After more than two years of work, this eventually became the Mozilla Application Suite, also the basis for AOL's Netscape 6 and 7. Netscape 6 was based on the unfinished Mozilla 0.6 code, and Netscape 7 on the final but unpolished Mozilla 1.0. AOL then outsourced it; Netscape 8 was based on Firefox 1 and Netscape 9 on Firefox 2. All were freeware; Mozilla itself was FOSS.

Mozilla was the Linux browser. It was the best FOSS browser, but that was because it was also pretty much the only FOSS browser. It was also a huge big lumbering thing, like Communicator before it, and it was unpopular on Windows and Mac (although I used it myself, as I am not a big Microsoft fan, as you might have worked out.)

Then Dave Hyatt and some mates, including a chap called Ben Goodger, stripped Mozilla down to just a browser, reinventing Navigator as if it were a new concept. They called it Mozilla Phoenix. Rising from the ashes, you see.

Phoenix the BIOS people complained.

They renamed it Firebird.

Firebird the FOSS database people complained.

They renamed it Firefox, which is a made-up word and obscure enough that nobody minded. It did brilliantly and still is today. The Mozilla Foundation consequently abandoned the Mozilla Internet Suite. The legendary open-source community took it up, renamed it Seamonkey and it's still updated. I still use it occasionally myself. It's OK. It hasn't lost any weight, but the relentless advance of computer technology means that it's no biggie any more.

Firefox is now under some threat from Google Chrome (one of whose developers being a certain Ben Goodger). Chrome is based on Apple's Webkit but with a better UI than Safari (a project headed, amongst others, by one Dave Hyatt). Webkit is Apple's cleaned-up, enhanced version of KDE's KHTML rendering library from the Konqueror browser. Webkit is so much better that KDE have given up on KHTML and now use Webkit too.

Now there are basically four main families of browser:
  • Internet Explorer. Windows-only nowadays, but to most people, IE is The Internet. IE6 sucks bigtime, but tons of big companies are wedded to it, so it shambles on, undead. I suppose that makes it a sort of zombie used by dinosaurs, which actually sounds kind of cool. IE 7 and 8 are sort of OK, if you're the sort of person who doesn't mind sharing needles with strangers.

  • Mozilla, AKA Firefox, Seamonkey, Camino and loads of others.

  • Both, ironically, while being lifelong bitter rivals, are descended from Mosaic.

  • Then there's Webkit, AKA KHTML, AKA Chrome, Safari, Konqueror, the Nokia Symbian browser and others. It was developed from scratch in the late 1990s.

  • And Opera, doing its own idiosyncratic thing for seventeen years. "MultiTorg" coexisted with Mosaic back when giants walked the Earth.
  • liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Quick question for the coders and those in related fields.

    What notation do you first think of for "not equals" or "is not equal to"?

    [1] <> (less than, greater than - BASIC style)
    [2] != (exclamation mark, equals sign - C style)
    [3] ≠ (crossed-out equals sign - algebraic style)
    [4] .NE. (ancient FORTAN notation for elder programmers)
    [5] ¬ (does anyone use the logical-NOT sign on the PC keyboard? (Except me in smilies?))
    [6] A "NOT" gate (from a circuit diagram)
    [7] Wikipedia suggests that /= is also a coding notation, but I've never seen it.
    [8] Anything else?
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Because I'm obsessive like that, and because I'm putting off doing the housework, curiosity has led me to work out the screen resolutions and aspect ratios of all the PDAs and smartphones I've used over the last couple of decades. I've not counted my Newtons because to be honest I never really used them.

    It's been a real effort sometimes to ensure that each move is a kaizen-style continuous upgrade - a distinct step up - from the previous machine. (The SonyEricsson doesn't count! It was a gift from a client, following an unfortunate incident between the Nokia 7710 and a glass of orange juice in the night...)

    (Speaking of obsessive, this has also led to some substantial editing of the Wikipedia page about the Psion 3 series. *Sigh*)

    I also find it interesting to note the steady fall in aspect ratios, and that it's the European ones that tend to go for letterbox screens - the Psions and Nokias - whereas the mass-market American/Asian machines tend to go for a squarer, TV-resolution aspect ratio (i.e., well under 2.) I wonder why that is?

    I haven't got an Acer yet - indeed, I may not do; it's not being launched for a couple of months, and I'll still be in contract, so I won't unless I'm feeling particularly flush - but this will break this trend. If it appears at all, of course! I wonder if it will start a new direction?



    Device Screen width Screen height Aspect ratio AR as a single value
    Psion 3 280 80 7:2 3.50
    Psion 3a 480 160 3:1 3.00
    Psion 5 640 240 8:3 2.67
    Nokia 7710 640 320 2:1 2.00
    HTC Universal 640 480 4:3 1.33
    SonyEricsson P910i 320 208 20:13 1.54
    Nokia E90 800 352 25:11 2.27
    HTC Desire HD 800 480 5:3 1.67
    Acer Liquid Metal 1024 480 32:15 2.13
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Repurposed comment I just left on El Reg.

    I noticed today that RegHardware ran a review of the Desire HD, the device that finally swayed me into abandoning Symbian and going for Android. Here is my response...

    I've had one since October and overall I like it.

    The battery life is appalling - it lasts about six hours in normal use, which I do not regard as heavy. It's the first charge-twice-a-day phone I've owned; I now constantly carry a spare battery and a USB charging cable.

    It really would benefit from simple cursor and select keys and make/end call buttons - both for ease, precision and for use with gloves, for instance. You lose the onscreen cursor keys with Swype or any other enhanced keyboard; even with these tools, text entry and editing is infuriating, slow and painful. Entering more than a short paragraph makes me shout at the device in rage.

    Those whinging about its size are munchkins, hobbits or something. The Desire HD is too small, if anything! A phone should reach from ear to mouth; this thing is a good inch-plus shorter than its predecessor, a Nokia E90, and HTC's battery is just laughably tiny.

    It would benefit a lot from being two to three centimetres longer with some of the extra space used for just a few physical buttons. It also really needs to be twice as thick, with a big slab of detachable battery on the back - it needs something like 3500mAh to be usable as a smartphone all day. By which I mean calls, email, social networks, GPS, some music playback, occasional Web use, etc. Even with spare batteries I daren't listen to music or run the instant-messaging client on mine - it would die in a few hours.

    Of course, then the little tiny people with their little tiny child hands and tiny miniature pockets would whine - but sod them, they have an abundance of microscopic kiddie-sized hairdressers' phones to play with. Let 'em whinge.

    Better still, a slide-out keyboard on a phone with a screen this big - or bigger. An Acer Liquid Metal with a half-decent keyboard and a 3500-4000mAh battery would be ideal.

    But no, oompaloompas rule the mobile-phone world these days, so even we proper man-sized actual adults are cursed with phones designed for infant People Of Restricted Growth.

    For comparison, my* old HTC Universal, with a third party extended battery of ±3800mAh, could last for about two and a half days on a charge. Go to work Friday morning, go away for the weekend and it was still running when you got back to the office on Monday morning and could charge it. That is a credible battery life. The Desire HD's is a joke. Yes, it was an inch and a half thick and weighed about 400g, but it was totally worth it.



    * Well, [livejournal.com profile] dougs's, really. Tragically stolen. I owe him.
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Oh my. No new posts since last year... Apologies!

    In lieu of real content, in case you missed it, I reviewed the Mac mini with Mac OS X "Snow Leopard" Server on RegHardware last month...

    Current wrangling involves trying to get FreeBSD to play nice dual-booting with Ubuntu (failing, so far) and wondering if I can resurrect my old static website by importing it into Drupal somehow. Anyone who wishes to volunteer Drupal advice would be very welcome and plied with $BEER.

    Also, where's the best place to buy dead cheap blank CDRs or DVD-Rs these days?
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    In case any loyal readers ;¬) missed them, I had a series of pieces on Linux server distros published last week on the Register. They ran them out-of-order; this is the sequence I intended them to go in...
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    The only Bash command switch with its own theme song!



    Lyrics below the fold... )
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    2 weeks of Android phone ownership & I already really hate onscreen keyboards! & I have a big-screen phone with lots of room for a relatively big 1, too.

    So my interest in alternative input methods is becoming keen.

    Sadly most I've found are payware, which I'd rather avoid. A friend recommended ThickButtons but it seems not to work on 2.2: it crashes on the 1st keypress for me.

    So I am trying SlideKeys. It's a weird but very clever free input method that effectively leverages 1 of the strengths of modern touchscreens: detecting drags.

    But I couldn't find any instructions, so I had to puzzle it out. Here is how you use it.

    SlideKeys shows you a standard phone numeric keypad, with the same arrangement of 3 or 4 letters per number as any phone. BUT the letters are in an odd pattern: arranged NSE or NSEW if there are 4.

    The reason for the arrangement is key (sorry) to how SlideKeys functions.

    Tap a key, you get a number, as many frustrated comments in the Android Market attest. To enter letters, tap a number, keep your fingertip on the screen & slide it off the key in the direction that the desired letter is on the key.

    So, for instance, WXYZ are all on 9, arranged WNES respectively. Tap 9 for a 9. For X, press 9, keep your fingertip on the screen and slide it off upwards. It doesn't really matter how far - nice long slides seem to work best.

    You type by dragging off each key. Proficient number-key typers have an edge as the letters are in the expected positions but it will take time to learn to be fast.

    It's clever and it does work. It badly needs integration with Android's predictive mechanism & some method of guessing when you actually want numbers - it enters digits FAR too readily.

    But for free, I'm not complaining!

    UPDATE: that was pretty much all typed with SlideKeys, if it was not apparent from the odd abbreviation. I thought it was about time someone described how it worked, since when I got it, I couldn't find any such info anywhere. I get a lot of mistyped digits; I am not sure if practice will improve this, since considerable accuracy is required. It's pretty unforgiving of errors.

    I think it might also better suit very small screens - its square window is huge on my Desire HD & leaves only ½ the screen visible.

    I've not covered installation or activation as I don't know if these vary from phone to phone.

    But, still, a clever, novel & viable alternative text input method, entirely free, is not to be sniffed at.

    A hint: tap the Alt button to cycle through punctuation and caps and back to normal text. Slide up from the Alt button to turn on Caps Lock; slide down across it to turn it off.

    It automatically capitalises the letter after full-stop+space but doesn't capitalise "I" or any other words on its own & there are no predictions or suggestions, sadly.

    Posted via LjBeetle
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    It's been 20 years now since the GNU microkernel Unix, the HURD, was announced. So where is it?

    Bear in mind in the following that when I speak of an OS I am talking about the core OS - the kernel and essential services. Not the shell or the filesystem or user tools like ``ls'' or ``more'' or ``vi'' or anything, and certainly nothing to do with relatively trivial outer layers such as graphical user interfaces.

    The GNU HURD was a very ambitious project: to build a complete, UNIX-compatible OS on a microkernel basis. Microkernels ("µkernel" for short) are very hard to make work, but it has been done - QNX, Chorus, Amoeba and others are all technically microkernels, for instance. Not are really Unices, though, although QNX sort of superficially resembles one enough for developers to feel some familiarity.

    Contrary to popular belief and Apple & NeXT's strongly-promoted message, neither Mac OS X nor NeXTstep before it were technically microkernels.

    The idea of a microkernel is that only a tiny piece of code runs in the processor's (or processors') Ring 0; the rest of the OS is composed of small pieces of userspace code, running in Ring 2 or 3 (using x86-32 rings for reference here). The modules, called servers or daemons, all communicate with each other to work together as a complete OS.

    The theory is that because the OS is very modular, it is easier to work on, more reliable and more robust. If a server dies, it can be restarted and the rest of the kernel will not be affected.

    The first microkernel to get much real-world recognition was Mach, designed at Carnegie-Mellon University in the USA. Mach didn't get to a reasonable level of completion until Mach 3.0 but the earlier versions spawned a host of projects.

    One was OSF/1 by Digital Equipment Corporation, which became Compaq Tru64 and was killed by HP. Another was MkLinux for the original Motorola 680x0-based Apple Macintoshes.

    And one was NeXTstep, which became Mac OS X.

    To make their new OS viable, NeXT wanted to make something Unix-compatible, so they took a huge chunk of the kernel of BSD (not FreeBSD or NetBSD or OpenBSD, this is before them) and built it directly into the Mach kernel as a sort of "Unix compatibility later". This means that the kernel is no longer "micro" at all - it has a honking great monolithic lump of old Unix code bolted onto it.

    The result is called Xnu, and whereas it may not be the most elegant solution, it certainly works. It's now the best-selling Unix ever, estimated to outnumber, in both installed systems and number of users, every other commercial Unix and Unix clone put together.

    GNU took the Mach kernel as well as the basis for HURD, but it tried to do things properly, the pure microkernel way. When Linus Torvalds wrote his kernel, he didn't expect it to compete with HURD - it was meant to be a small quick hack. As he famously said in news:comp.os.minix: "I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a
    hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones."

    That was the first announcement of what became and was later named Linux. (It had been called "Freax".)

    The thing is, the GNU developers found that writing a microkernel-based Unix is very very very hard.

    When Linus made his post, Prof. Andy Tanenbaum, a very respected academic in OS research and the author of Minix, the OS that begat Linux, said Linux was obsolete: the direction of the future was clearly microkernels. (And indeed Tanenbaum has produced several µkernel OSs himself.)

    Technically, at least in a theoretical sense, he was right, but Torvalds' practicality in deciding to implement a simple, classical, one-big-monolithic-lump-of-code type of old-fashioned Unix kernel has been proved correct - Linux is now mature, sophisticated and highly usable. In some terms, proprietary Unixes such as HP/UX or AIX or Solaris might do some things better, but Linux is doing very well.

    Meantime, 20y later, the GNU team have not made all that much progress with HURD.

    About 4y ago, it has got to a stage where it looked like it could be used for simple stuff. Debian built a version of the Debian GNU distro around the new HURD kernel instead of the Linux kernel. (There are also Debians built around all the BSD kernels.)

    An announcement was made on Slashdot. The infant OS was hosting its own website. It immediately collapsed under the onslaught.

    Soon after this, the team decided that things had moved on since the creation of Mach in the early 1980s and moved HURD onto a new, more sophisticated and mature µkernel: L4. This involved a very big backward step, so arguably, HURD is less complete and ready now than it was then. Also, things have moved on since L4 and it too has successors, and research projects are looking at them as possible HURD bases, too.

    Personally, I think that one day, Linux is just going to prove to be too big and too complex to maintain and develop efficiently any more. Some developers might move on to a successor, something more modular. I'd have liked to see kernel 2.6 named 3.0 when it was released - there was no planned 2.8 or work-in-progress 2.7; indeed the old stable-and-development-kernels-in-tandem model has been discarded.

    But perhaps some day a modular Linux 3.0 might be started.

    There are other directions - for instance, the chaps that originally developed Unix (of which Linux is really just a re-implementation) went on to further refine and develop their ideas in Plan 9, which later developed into Inferno. These are networked OSs, with resource sharing between nodes an integral OS concept, rather than something bolted on later as it is with Linux, Unix, Windows and so on.

    I do not understand the technical details but the structure of Plan 9 apparently makes the whole concept of µkernels irrelevant - it is functionally divided into pieces already, just not alone the same division of privileged tiny kernel + user-space servers as µkernel OSs. I'd like to see development on Plan 9 picked up and the enhancements of modern Unixes, such as Linux, brought to it. That could be something very special.

    Also, given that other µkernel research OSs have made it to complete, functional condition, such as Minix 3, then perhaps the HURD design is flawed and they should drop it and move on to HURD 2 or something. I don't know enough about the minutiæ.

    But HURD isn't finished, maybe never well be, but it's been a very interesting project all the same. And whereas maybe µkernels are not the right way to go, I think the evidence from Minix 3 and Ameoba and QNX and so on is that they can be made to work, and perhaps that is how things will in fact go one day.
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    I think it might have done quite well.

    OTOH, and I loved OS/2 - I have spent more cash on OS/2 than all other PC software put together in my entire computing life; possibly more than on anything except Spectrum games, and maybe more even than that! - but even as a fan, it was a pig to install, a pig to network, a pig to install drivers, etc. etc.

    When I tried the Windows 4 beta, I was dazzled. THIS is how it should be. It Just Worked, and setup & tweaking was a dream. Explorer, so elegant! Device Manager - I nearly wept for joy. No 2000-line CONFIG.SYS file! No separate windows for the directory tree and the directory contents!

    WPS, elegant & sophisticated? My arse it was. Half-assed Mac ripoff.

    And for all OS/2's alleged reliability, Fractint could kill it easily, the whole machine. Win95 was no better, and as the 32-bit apps & shonky drivers piled up, considerably worse. Then came the horrors of Win98. And SE. And ME.

    But at first, even the beta of Windows 4 was about as good. And DOS drivers worked at a push. And DOS games and things. The long-filenames-on-FAT hack was a hack, but it *worked*. Make a long filename on HPFS, look for it from a DOS window or WinOS2 - gone! Invisible! You can't have it, mate, tough.

    Then they hacked that to give us FAT32, and lo, it worked and was just like the old days. Incremental steps, no big bangs.

    But when the state of the art was the horrors of Windows 3.x on DOS - even DR-DOS, optimised until it bled with QEMM - or the driver-less and app-less incompatible nightmare of NT 3.1 or 3.5 (if you could afford a £2500 PC to run it well) - OS/2 really actually was "a better DOS than DOS, a better Windows than Windows".

    But I still wonder... If OS/2 1 had been a 386 OS, and had swept away Quarterdeck QEMM and DesqVIEW, killed the infant BSD4.4-Lite on 386, ensured that Windows 3.0 had been aborted... If it had used V86 mode to flawlessly multitask DOS apps, boot DOS and its drivers off a floppy for those troublesome programs for near-perfect compatibility...

    Well... Program Manager and File Manager, which in the 1990s everyone thought were Windows 3.0 innovations but actually came from OS/2 1... They weren't so bad. I kinda liked them, actually. Had them tuned for a very efficient, convenient GUI. Loads of custom hotkeys for launching and switching apps, which always damned well worked, unlike on Explorer when if Windows was narked it would just ignore you, or launch 876 extra copies of your app then fall to its knees and die.

    It coulda been a contender. In 1987, we knew no better. We might have gone for it.

    But knowing what I do now about OS/2 2 compared to Windows 95... I am not sure that we were not a whole lot better off with what we got than what might have been.

    I remember impotently screaming abuse at a Warp Connect box, just trying to get it on my LAN and on the Internet via dial-up at the same time. Either Win95 or NT 3 were vastly better than that.

    OS/2 was, in a horrible way, more DOSsy than DOS. Everything was hand-configured in a vast ASCII config files, which you had to hand-massage into perfection with excruciating care. Then, if you were particularly masochistic, optimise for performance. I never did get Warp 3 to drive the graphics cards and the sound cards of my two 486 laptops at the same time. One or the other, but not both. And one of them was a bloody IBM!

    I would in an odd way have liked to see OS/2 thrive, but you know... Despite my irrational nostalgia for it, on the whole, when Windows 95 gave us plug-and-pray, I mean, plug-and-play, and power management and suspend/resume and so on, and then NT4 gave us a vaguely modern GUI... Then Windows 2000 brought it all together into a single whole, which if not exactly seamless by any means, did slap enough makeup on Frankenstein's Monster to make it look presentable...

    Sorry to say it, but I think we were better off.

    I know, heresy, praise for Microsoft from one of the "Linux Taleban". Shocking.

    Of course, after that it all went a bit wrong. I know everyone loves XP in hindsight, but with all the bloat, I wasn't and am not so sure. Themes? Really? Do I need that? I know, I can oh-so-intuitively switch to Windows Classic in Display Preferences, then run SERVICES.MSC and stop the THEMES service and disable it... But I can't uninstall Movie Maker or IE or any of the other cruft, no way José. I can't move the hibernation file to another drive or partition.

    Then came Vista and we learned to love XP.

    Then came 7, and everyone loves Windows again, except for those of us who found it handy to run a command-line app full-screen occasionally.

    I think I'll stick to Linux, thanks.
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    In lieu of real content, a recycled mailing-list post...

    I advise wiping & reinstalling all computers periodically. Ideally, every 6mth, but at least once every 2-3y. With my consultancy hat on, I constantly see individuals & companies throwing out "old" computers that are now "too slow". Actually, if they were wiped & reloaded, the machines would be just fine - it's the accumulated cruft that slows them down.

    Since the Core2 Duo and "Sledgehammer" Athlon64/Opteron chips came out, CPUs really have not got all that much faster - they just have more cores now, and very little software really benefits from more cores. Parallelism is /hard/ and most code is single-threaded. Having 2 cores gives you a slightly more responsive system; more, for most people, is a waste of electricity & silicon.

    People often misunderstand & misquote Moore's Law. It doesn't say chips double in speed every 18mth. It says the number of transistors for a given unit of money (& space on the chip) doubles every 18mth.

    However, the technology does not exist to spend more transistors on making processors run code faster, so instead, now, CPU makers just make the chips able to run /more/ code in unit time, by adding more cores. This doesn't mean 1 program runs in half the time; it means you can run 2 (or 3 or 4 or now even 6 for big server chips) programs in the same time as 1. This is actually no help at all for most purposes.

    What this means is that computers stopped getting much faster a few years ago. Actually, a well-specced 2006 PC, properly set up, is within 15-20% as quick as a 2010 one, given the same amount of RAM and so on.

    But the 2006 one is full of accumulated cruft. Wipe it & reload with its original software, it will probably be quite a bit faster than a modern machine laden down with Win7 & Office '10 (or if you prefer, compare Ubuntu 6.06 & OpenOffice 2 with Ubuntu 10.04 & OpenOffice 3.2).

    Wiping & reloading is a pain in the *cough* neck, but the pain is rewarded. It is, as the kiddies say, like, totally worth it.

    Fail

    Oct. 14th, 2010 06:37 pm
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    It appears I am not a Real Man in yet another way. (Despite the new beard.) My attempts to resurrect my old Thinkpad i1200 series (one of the iffy ones made by Acer under licence) resulted in total failure to get either PC-BSD or Debian 5 running properly. (Or Lubuntu, Puppy or any Ubuntu after 6.06.)

    PC-BSD 8.1 uses KDE 4.5 which looks a bit nicer than previous KDE 4 iterations, but it's too much for a P3-750 with 320MB of RAM. I got 7.1 working well, if slowly, but 8.1 did not initialise my Xircom Realport Ethernet card and it didn't show in the GUI. No Internet connection means no use at all in this day and age.

    Debian 5 went on fine, but the screen res was wrong and unchangeable, and it didn't find my soundcard. My attempts to upgrade to testing or unstable completely b0rked the install, too.

    But to my pleased surprise, Crunchbang 9.04 went on without a glitch. Had to hand-tweak xorg.conf to get the screen res up from 800*600 to 1024*768, but that also afforded me the chance to drop it from 24-bit colour to 16-bit colour for one speedup, then later to disable DRI for another, bigger speedup.

    I'm just worried about the age of #! 9.04. There was no later release and the new version, based directly off Debian instead of Ubuntu, is still in alpha-test and has been since late June. Come on, guys, get with the program!

    I also note that Linux Mint looks inclined to jump ship from Ubuntu to Debian, having just released the first edition of LMDE: Linux Mint Debian Edition. It's GNOME-based, so a bit much for the old Thinkpad, but I shall be giving that a whirl very soon.

    Apparently, Ubuntu's single-minded quest to become as polished (and somewhat Mac-like) as possible is increasingly alienating people. It seems some of the tweaks are harder and harder for remixers to work around. (A trivial example of my own: there's no separate panel volume control any more; it's part of the new unified Indicator Applet, which also interacts with Empathy and Gwibber. But I don't like or use Empathy, preferring Pidgin, and barely use Gwibber. To paraphrase an old Frankie Goes To Hollywood T-shirt - MARKIE SAYS: TOUGH.)

    AppleTV

    Sep. 7th, 2010 01:15 pm
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Idly curious...

    El Reg appears to think that the AppleTV v3 is a dead duck, according to this: "Apple TV: Third time unlucky, Mr Jobs: Going down for the last time."

    I am somewhat inclined to agree.

    I am not much of a TV watcher and my old hacked Xbox Media Centre does me fine for most of what I want. But what I wanted from Apple, as it were, was a lot more than any model of AppleTV ever offered. I wanted an Apple-simplified TV product, one that took away all the complexity from modern video playback. I wanted one, dead-simple box, that could receive, record and display terrestrial, terrestrial digital, cable and satellite, all in one idiot-proof box. It should also play DVDs, VideoCDs, BluRay disks, and any other form of local stored content, and it should attach to a network and play anything off any network share too, including streaming content off the web.

    One little sealed black box that brought it all together, with a dead-easy single interface, and a dead-easy single remote control with just 5 or 6 buttons.

    Saying that, I'm a cheapskate and I probably still wouldn't have bought one. But it would have appealed, a lot, which is more than any generation of AppleTV did.

    But am I barking up the wrong tree? What would anyone else have liked to see? What's your dream device to plug into the telly and make life easier but richer?
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    AKA Good tech, bad tech, how to win big

    I spent some time a few days ago playing with an iPad an an iPhone 4, courtesy of [livejournal.com profile] jamesb and Mrs B. They really are lovely devices, a gorgeous combination of great industrial design and some truly excellent software and HCI work. Very impressive indeed. The iPad will be even more impressive and versatile when it gets "iOS 4", as Cisco is nobly allowing Apple to call it.

    But I still don't want to own either of them. The phone is a bit too closed and I don't want to have to void my warranty and jailbreak and unlock either device just to run whatever I want on them. I also do rather want at least the option of Flash, Java and so on. Most of the applets on my Communicator are Java MIDlets.

    For a while, I've been thinking that I would like an iPad clone, but running Android, with a couple of USB ports for slave devices and a host port for connecting to a PC, and perhaps a multiformat card reader or two built in, both for sucking pics off a digital camera and for adding additional storage, or for standalone backups. Oh, and replaceable batteries. Maybe even two of them, so you could hot-swap them when it was running, or run with just one for minimal weight.

    Same sort of formfactor, same sort of functions and UI, but a bit more open. Not some little 5" or 7" thing but a full 10" or so, maybe even a bit more in a widescreen format.

    But then I realised something.

    One of the main uses for such a device is reading eBooks and so on, and one of the places I'd most like to use it, especially in summer, would be sitting in the park or in a beer garden or the like, places I wouldn't carry a laptop just to read or surf.

    And in bright sunlight, TFT screens are useless. They wash out into invisibility.

    Which made me think of the ideal combination: an Android (or WebOS) tablet with an ARM chip - perhaps an nVidia Tegra - and a Pixel Qi screen.

    Pixel Qi is the standalone screen company selling the technology used for the OLPC project's XO-1 laptop - the famed $100 laptop. Its unique thing is that with a backlight, it's a normal colour LCD screen, but in bright external light, you can turn the backlight off and use it in reflective mode - like the ancient mono LCDs of the 1980s. Most of the colours wash out, but the resolution is very high, for crisp text, and with no backlight, your battery life goes up several times over.

    It's the ideal combination. Thin light ARM-powered device - I could not be less interested in an Atom-powered slate with Windows 7, I want the thing to be thin, light and last all day on a charge and I don't want or need x86 and a desktop OS - but a screen that works outdoors and gives even longer battery life.

    Now that, I might buy.

    P. S. Aficionadi of this market might point at Notion Ink's Adam at this point, as demonstrated late last year, but nine months later it's still not on the market, so it hardly counts.
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Interesting interview on the Inquirer with the creators of this lightweight web-centric desktop distro...

    http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/feature/1653402/peppermint-web-centric-linux
    liam_on_linux: (Default)
    Those who don't read Twitter or Facebook may be unaware of the series on Linux I've done for The Register this week (amongst other stuff).

    So here are some links...

    http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/06/21/reg_linux_guide_1/

    http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/06/23/reg_linux_guide_2/

    http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/06/24/reg_linux_guide_3/

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