liam_on_linux: (Default)

I can’t speak for anyone else but I can tell you why I did it.

I was broke, I know PCs and Macs and Mac OS X – I ran OS X 10.0, 10.1 and 10.2 on a PowerMac 7600 using XPostFacto.

I got the carcase of a Core 2 Extreme PC on my local Freecycle group in 2012.

https://twitter.com/lproven/status/257060672825851904

RAM, no hard disks, no graphics, but case/mobo/CPU/PSU etc.

I took the nVidia card and hard disks from my old Athlon XP. I got the machine running, and thought it was worth a try since it was mostly Intel: Intel chipset, Intel CPU, etc.

I joined some fora, did some reading, used Clover and some tools from TonyMacX86 and so on.

After two days’ work it booted. I got no sound from my SoundBlaster card, so I pulled it, turned the motherboard sound back on, and reinstalled.

It was a learning experience but it worked very well. I ran Snow Leopard on it, as it was old enough to get no new updates that would break my Hack, but new enough that all the modern browsers and things worked fine. (2012 was the year Mountain Lion came out, so I was 2 versions behind, which suited me fine – and it ran PowerPC apps, and I preferred the UI of the PowerPC version of MS Word, my only non-freeware app.)

I had 4 CPU cores, it was maxed out with 8GB RAM, and it was nice and quick. As it was a desktop, I disabled all support for sleep and hibernation: I turn my desktops off at night to save power. It drove a matched pair of 21” CRT monitors perfectly smoothly. I had an Apple Extended keyboard on an ADB-to-USB convertor since my PS/2 ports weren’t supported.

It wasn’t totally reliable – occasionally it failed to boot, but a power cycle usually brought it back. It was fast and pretty stable, it ran all the OS X FOSS apps I usually used, it was much quicker than my various elderly PowerMacs and the hardware cost was essentially £0.

It was more pleasant to use than Linux – my other machines back then ran the still-somewhat-new Ubuntu, using GNOME 2 because Unity hadn’t gone mainstream yet.

Summary: why not? It worked, it gave me a very nice and perfectly usable desktop PC for next to no cost except some time, it was quite educational, and the machine served me well for years. I still have it in a basement. Sadly its main HDD is not readable any more.

It was fun, interesting, and the end result was very usable. At that time there was no way I could have afforded to buy an Intel Mac, but a few years, one emigration and 2 new jobs later, I did so: a 2011 i5 Mac mini which is now my TV-streaming box, but which I used as my main machine until 2017 when I bought a 27” Retina iMac from a friend.

Cost, curiosity, learning. All good reasons in my book.

This year I Hacked an old Dell Latitude E7270, a Core i7 machine maxed out with 16GB RAM – with Big Sur because its Intel GPU isn’t supported in the Monterey I tried at first. It works, but its wifi doesn’t, and I needed to buy a USB wifi dongle. But performance wasn’t great, it took an age to boot with a lot of scary text going past, and it didn’t feel like a smooth machine. So, I pulled its SSD and put a smaller one in, put ChromeOS Flex on it, and it’s now my wife’s main computer. Fast, simple, totally reliable, and now I have spare Wifi dongle. :-/ I may try on one of my old Thinkpads next.

It is much easier to Hackintosh a PC today than it was 10-12 years ago, but Apple is making the experience less rewarding, as is their right. They are a hardware company.

(Repurposed from a Lobsters comment.)

liam_on_linux: (Default)
I just finished doing up an old white MacBook from 2008 (note: not MacBook Pro) for Jana's best friend, back in Brno.

I hit quite a few glitches along the way. Partly for my own memory, partly in case anyone else hits them, here are the work-arounds I needed...

BTW, I have left the links visible and in the text so you can see where you're going. This is intentional.

Picking a distribution and desktop

As the machine is maxed out with 4GB of RAM, and only has a fairly feeble Intel HD 3100 GPU, I went for Xfce as a lightweight desktop that's very configurable and doesn't need hardware OpenGL. (I just wish Xfce had the GNOME 2/Maté facility to lock controls and panels into place.)

Xubuntu (18.10, later upgraded to 19.04) had two peculiar and annoying errors.

  1. On boot, NumLock is always on. This is a serious snag because a MacBook has no NumLock key, nor a NumLock indicator to tell you, and thus no easy way to turn it off. (Fn+F6 twice worked on Xubuntu 18/19, but not on 20.04.) I found a workaround: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppleKeyboard#Numlock_on_Apple_Wireless_Keyboard

  2. Secondly, Xubuntu sometimes could not bring the wifi connection up. Rebooting into Mac OS X and then warm-booting into Xubuntu fixed this.

For this and the webcam issue below, I really strongly recommend keeping a bootable Mac OS X partition available and dual-booting between both Mac OS X and Linux. OS X Lion (10.7) is the latest this machine can run. Some Macs – e.g. MacBook Pro and iMac models –  from around this era can run El Cap (10.11) which is probably still somewhat useful. My girlfriend's MacBook Pro is a 2009 model, just one year younger, and it can run High Sierra (10.13) which still supports the latest Firefox, Chrome, Skype, LibreOffice etc without any problem.

By the way: there are "hacks" to install newer versions of macOS onto older Macs which no longer support them. Colin "dosdude1" Mistr has a good list, here: http://dosdude1.com/software.html

However quite a few of these have serious drawbacks on a machine this old. For instance, my 2008 MB might be able to run Mountain Lion (10.8) but probably nothing newer, and if it did, I would have no graphics acceleration, making the machine slow and maybe unstable. Similarly, my 2011 Mac Mini maxes out at High Sierra. Mojave (10.14) and Catalina (10.15) apparently work well, but Big Sur (11) again has no graphics acceleration and is thus well-nigh unusable. But if you have a newer machine and the reports are that it works well as a hack, this may make it useful again.

I had to reinstall Lion. Due to this, I found that the MacBook will not boot Lion off USB; I had to burn a DVD-R. This worked perfectly first time. There are some instructions here:
https://www.lifewire.com/install-os-x-lion-using-bootable-dvd-2260333

Beware, retail Mac OS X DVDs are dual-layer. If the image is more than 5GB, it may not fit on an ordinary single-layer DVD-R.

If I remember correctly, Lion was the last version of Mac OS X that was not a free download. However, that was 10 years and 8 versions ago, so I hope Apple will forgive me helping you to pirate it. A Bittorrent can be found here.

Incidentally, a vaguely-current browser for Lion is ParrotGeeks Firefox Legacy. I found this made the machine much more useful with Lion, able to access Facebook, Gmail etc. absolutely fine, which the bundled version of Safari cannot do. If you disable all sharing options in OS X and only use Firefox, the machine should be reasonably secure even today. OS X is immune to all Windows malware. Download Firefox Legacy from here:
https://parrotgeek.com/fxlegacy.html

However, saying all that, Linux Mint does not suffer from either of these Xubuntu issues, so I recommend Linux Mint Xfce. I found Mint 20 worked well and the upgrade to Mint 20.1 was quick and seamless.

Installation

If you make a 2nd partition in Disk Utility while you're (re-)installing Mac OS X, you can just reformat that as ext4 in the Linux setup program. This saves messing around with Linux disk partitioning on a UEFI MacBook, which I am warning you is not like doing it on a PC. (I accidentally corrupted the MacBook's hard disk trying to copy a Linux partition onto it with gparted, then remove it using fdisk. That's why I had to reinstall. Again, I strongly recommend doing any partitioning with Mac OS X's Disk Utility, and not with Linux.) All Intel Macs have UEFI, not a BIOS, and so they all use only GPT partitioning, not MBR.

I set aside 48GB for Lion and all the rest for Mint. (Mint defaults to using a swapfile in the root partition, just like Ubuntu. This means that 2 partitions are enough. I was trying to keep things as simple as possible.)

If you use Linux fdisk, or Gparted, to look at the disk from Linux, remember to leave the original Apple EFI System Partition ("ESP") alone and intact. You need that even if you single-boot Linux and nothing else.

Wifi doesn't work out of the box on Mint. You need to connect to the Internet via Ethernet, then open the Software and Drivers settings program and install the Broadcom drivers. That was enough for me; more info is here:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/55868/installing-broadcom-wireless-drivers

While connected with a cable, I also did a full update:

sudo -s
apt update
apt full-upgrade -y
apt autoremove -y
apt purge
apt clean


Glitches and gotchas

Startup or shutdown can take ages, or freeze the machine entirely, hanging during shutdown. The fan may spin up during this. The fix is an simple edit to add an extra kernel parameter to GRUB, described here:
https://forums.linuxmint.com/viewtopic.php?t=284960

(Aside: hoping to work around this, I installed kexec-tools for faster reboots. It didn't work. I don't know why not. Perhaps it's something to do with the machine using UEFI, not a BIOS. I also installed the Ubuntu Hardware Enablement stack with its newer kernel, in case that helped, but it didn't. It didn't seem to cause any problems, though, so I left it.)

GRUB shows an error about not being able to find a Mok file, then continues because SecureBoot is disabled. This is non-fatal but there is a fix here:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1279602/ubuntu-20-04-failed-to-set-moklistrt-invalid-parameter

While troubleshooting the Mok error above, I found that the previous owner of this machine had Fedora on it at some point, and even though I removed and completely reinstalled OS X Lion in a new partition, the UEFI boot entry for Fedora was still there and was still the default. I removed it using the instructions here:
https://www.linuxbabe.com/command-line/how-to-use-linux-efibootmgr-examples

NOTE: I suggest you don't set a boot sequence. Just set the ubuntu entry as the default and leave it at that. The Apple firmware very briefly displays a no-bootable-volume icon (a folder with a question mark on it) as it boots. I think this is why, when I used efibootmgr to set Mint as the default then OS X, it never loaded GRUB but went straight into OS X.

(Mint have not renamed their UEFI bootloader; it's still called "ubuntu" from the upstream distro. I believe this means that you cannot dual-boot a UEFI machine with both Ubuntu and Mint, or multiple versions of either. This reflects my general impression that UEFI is a pain in the neck.)

The Apple built-in iSight Webcam requires a firmware file to work under Linux, which you must extract from Mac OS X:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MactelSupportTeam/AppleiSight

Both Xubuntu and Mint automatically install entries in the GRUB boot menu for Mac OS X. For Lion, there are 2: one for the 32-bit kernel, one for the 64-bit kernel. These will not work. To boot into macOS, hold down the Opt key as the machine powers on; this will display the firmware's graphical boot-device selection screen. The Linux partition is described as "EFI Boot". Click on "macOS" or whatever you called your Mac HD partition. If you want to boot into Linux, just power-cycle it and then leave it alone – the screen goes grey, then black with a flashing cursor, then the GRUB menu appears and you can pick Linux. The Linux partition is not visible from macOS and you can't pick it in the Startup Disk system preference-pane.

Post-install fine-tuning

I also added the ubuntu-restricted-extras package to get some nicer web fonts, a few handy codecs, and so on. Remember when installing this that you must use the cursor keys and Enter/Return to say "yes" to the Microsoft free licence agreement. The mouse won't work – use your keyboard. I also added Apple HFS support, so that Linux can easily manipulate the Mac OS X partition.

I installed Google Chrome and Skype, direct from their vendors' download pages. Both of these add their own repositories to the system, so they will automatically update when the OS does. I also installed Zoom, which does not have a repo and so won't get updated. This is an annoyance; we'll have to look at that later if it becomes problematic. I also added VLC because the machine has a DVD drive and this is an easy way to play CDs and DVDs.

As this machine and the old Thinkpad I am sending along with it are intended for kids to use, I installed the educational packages from UbuntuEd. I added those that are recommended for pre-school, primary and secondary schoolchildren, as listed here:
https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/ubuntu-education-ubuntued/17063

I enabled unattended-upgrades (and set the machine to install updates at shutdown) as described here:
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/set-up-automatic-unattended-updates-for-ubuntu-20-04/

While testing the webcam, I discovered that Mint doesn't include Cheese, so I installed that, too:
sudo apt install -y ubuntu-restricted-extras hfsprogs vlc cheese
liam_on_linux: (Default)
(Repurposed CIX post.)

Don’t get me wrong. I like Apple kit. I am typing right now on an original 1990 Apple Extended II keyboard, attached via a ABD-USB convertor to a Core i5 Mac mini from 2011, running Mac OS X 10.10. It’s a very pleasant computer to work on.

But, to give an example of the issues — I also have an iPhone. It’s my spare smartphone with my old UK SIM in it.

But it’s an iPhone 4. Not a lot of RAM, under clocked CPU, and of course not upgradable.

So I’ve kept it on iOS 6, because I already find it annoyingly slow and iOS 7 would cause a reported 15-25% or more slowdown. And that’s the latest it will run.

Which means that [a] I can’t use lots of iPhone apps as they no longer support iOS 6.x and [b] it doesn’t do any of the cool integration with my Mac, because my Mac needs a phone running iOS 8 to do clever CTI stuff.

My old 3GS I upgraded from iOS 4 to 5 to 6, and regretted it. It got slower & slower and Apple being Apple, *you can’t go back*.

Apple kit is computers simplified for non-computery people. Stuff you take for granted with COTS PC kit just can’t be done. Not everything — since the G3 era, they take ordinary generic RAM, hard disks, optical drives, etc. Graphics cards etc. can often be made to work; you can, with work, replace CPUs and runs OSes too modern to be supported.

But it takes work. If you don’t want that, if you just max out the RAM, put a big disk in and live with it, then it’s fine. I’m old enough that I want a main computer that Just Works and gives me no grief and the Mac is all that and it cost me under £150, used. The OS is of course freeware and so are almost all the apps I run — mostly FOSS.

I like FOSS software. I use Firefox, Adium, Thunderbird, LibreOffice, Calibre, VirtualBox and BOINC. I also have some closed-source freeware like Chrome, Dropbox, TextWrangler and Skype. I don’t use Apple’s browser, email client, chat client, text editor, productivity apps or anything. More or less only iTunes, really.

What this means is that I can use pretty much the same suite of apps on Linux, Mac and Windows, making switching between them seamless and painless. My main phone runs Android, my travelling laptop is a 2nd-hand Thinkpad with the latest Ubuntu LTS on it.

As such, many of the benefits of an all-Apple solution are not available to me — texting and making phone calls from the desktop, seamless handover of file editing from desktop to laptop to tablet, wireless transparent media sync between computers and phone, etc.

I choose not to use any of this stuff because I don’t trust closed file formats and dislike vendor lock-in.

Additionally, I don’t like Apple’s modern keyboards and trackpads, and I like portable devices where I can change the battery or upgrade the storage. So I don’t use Apple laptops and phones and don’t own a tablet. iPads are just big iPhones and I don’t like iPhones much anyway. The apps are too constrained, I hate typing on a touchscreen “keyboard” and I don’t like reading book-length texts from a brightly-glowing screen — I have a large-screen (A4) Kindle for ebooks. (Used off eBay, natch.) TBH I’d quite like a backlight on it but the big-screen model doesn’t offer one.

But I don’t get that with Ubuntu. I never used UbuntuOne; I don’t buy digital content at all, from anyone; my Apple account is around 20 years old and has no payment method set up on it. I have no lock-in to Apple and Ubuntu doesn’t try to foist it on me.

With Ubuntu, *I* choose the laptop and I can (and did) build my own desktops, or more often, use salvaged freebies. My choice of keyboard and mouse, etc. I mean, sure, the Retina iMac is lovely, but it costs more than I’m willing to spend on a computer.

Android is… all right. It’s flakey but it’s cheap, customisable (I’ve replaced web browser, keyboard, launcher and email app, something Apple does not readily permit without drastic limitations) and it works well enough.

But it’s got bloatware, tons of vendor-specific extensions and it’s not quick.

Ubuntu is sleek as Linuxes go. I like the desktop. I turn off the web ads and choose my own default apps and it’s perfectly happy to let me. I can remove the built-in ones if I want and it doesn’t break anything.

If I could get a phone that ran Ubuntu, I’d be very interested. And it might tempt me into buying a tablet.

I’ve tried all the leading Linuxes (and most of the minor ones) and so long as you’re happy with its desktop, Ubuntu is the best by a country mile. It’s the most polished, best-integrated, it works well out of the box. I more or less trust them, as much as I trust any software vendor.

The Ubuntu touch offerings look good — the UI works well, the apps look promising, and they have a very good case for the same apps working well on phone and tablet, and the tablet becoming a usable desktop if you just plug a mouse in.

Here’s a rather nice little 3min demo:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3PUYoa1c9M

Wireless mouse turned on: desktop mode, windows, title bars, menus, etc.
Turn it off, mid-session: it’s a tablet, with touch controls. *With all the same same apps and docs still open.*
Mouse back on: it’s in desktop mode again.

And there’s integration — e.g. phone apps run full-size in a sidebar on a tablet screen, visible side-by-side with tablet apps.

Microsoft doesn’t have this, Apple doesn’t, Google doesn’t.

It looks promising, it runs on COTS hardware and it’s FOSS. What’s not to like?

I suspect, when the whole plan comes together, that they will have a compelling desktop OS, a compelling phone OS and a compelling tablet OS, all working very well together but without any lock-in. That sounds good to me and far preferable to shelling out thousands on new kit to achieve the same on Apple’s platform. Because C21 Apple is all about selling you hardware — new, and regularly replaced, too — and then selling you digital content to consume on it.

Ubuntu isn’t. Ubuntu’s original mission was to bring Linux up to the levels of ease and polish of commercial OSes.

It’s done that.

Sadly, the world failed to beat a path to its door. It’s the leading Linux and it’s expanded the Linux market a little, but Apple beat it to market with a Unix that is easier, prettier and friendlier than Windows — and if you’re willing to pay for it, Apple makes nicer hardware too.

But now we’re hurtling into the post-desktop era. Apple is leading the way; Steve Jobs finally proved his point that he knew how to make a tablet that people wanted and Bill Gates didn’t. Gates’ company still doesn’t, even when it tries to embrace and extend the iPad type of device: millions of the original Surface tablets are destined for landfill like the Atari ET game and Apple Lisa. (N.B. *not* the totally different Surface Pro, but people use it as a lightweight laptop.)

But Apple isn’t trying to make its touch devices replace desktops and laptops — it wants to sell both.

Ubuntu doesn’t sell hardware at all. So it’s trying to drag proper all-FOSS Linux kicking and screaming into the twenty-twenties: touch-driven *and* by desk-bound hardware-I/O, equally happy on ARM or x86-64, very shiny but still FOSS underneath.

The other big Linux vendors don’t even understand what it’s trying to do. SUSE does Linux servers for Microsoft shops; Red Hat sells millions of support contracts for VMs in expensive private clouds. Both are happy doing what they’re doing.

Whereas Shuttleworth is spending his millions trying to bring FOSS to the masses.

OK, what Elon Musk is doing is much much cooler, but Shuttleworth’s efforts are not trivial.

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